ifugao culture slideshare

The gods enjoin the Ifugao to offer them blankets, skirts, and G-strings. As a result, the Ifugao people had a fairly positive perception of the Americans. They weave blankets, G-strings, skirts, upper garments, belts, and hip and hand bags. New York: University Books. There are six types of wanno, which are used depending on the occasion or the man's social status. Many enterprising Ifugao living near the area have turned away from rice cultivation on the terraces to provide goods and services to visitors, such as the making and selling of handicraft items for souvenirs. 2011. Any woven band may be used as a balko as long as it is wide and long enough to be wound twice around the waist, with the two ends being knotted at the back. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. Several decorative designs are stitched in the dayude, such as the zigzag, frog, man, shuttle, basket, and knot. The couple then performs the tadek, depicting a rooster and hen a-courting. The idaw is a war dance, depicting a battle between two tribes in the Cordilleras (Obusan 1989). Gamit skirts are characterized by elaborate border designs, which vary according to the type and color of alternating threads woven into the textile. His name was derived from the word Philippines. The Ifugao, however, sheltered Filipino guerrillas, keeping silent on their presence, despite the brutal methods with which the Japanese tried to extract information from them. The ayyuding is made of a whole bamboo node, with the strings carved out of the bamboos skin. Five years later, however, when the Spanish forces were transferred elsewhere and the villagers had by then become disillusioned with the friars, they burned down the church. (1938) 1963. In the past, brothers and sisters slept in separate houses as soon as they reached the age of six or seven. Lorica, Loreto Q. They may also wear the hingat (earring), of which there are seven kinds: first, a large copper ring; second, a string of small beads; third, the same kind of copper ring from which dangles a ring; fourth, a piece of copper wire, which is rolled up so as to form a small disk; fifth, a heavy piece of gold, silver (from a 50-centavo coin) or copper, in the shape of a C with much enlarged points that almost meet, sometimes flanked on both sides (top and bottom of C) with a variously shaped, comparatively large projection; sixth, one or two long and narrow, more or less spatulate pieces of white or brownish shell, dangling from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire; seventh, a piece of white shell in the shape of a topped clover leaf with two leaflets, which dangles from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire (Vanoverbergh 1929, 206-207). Additionally, more opportunities for wage labor in nearby provinces, such as in the logging areas of Isabela and of Maddela, Quirino, and in the citrus orchards of Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya, besides those in urban centers like Baguio City and Manila, and overseas like Hong Kong, Singapore, and Dubai have led to an increase in Ifugao outmigration. Some songs require responses while others are extemporaneous. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now, Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy, Post Comments The Tuwali and the Henangas weaving designs and colors differ. Sam Isleta. The gamong is for the dead and has several designs: mortar, men, python, lizard, snake, ladder, and shuttle. Non-ritual songs include the hudhud, the liwliwa, and the salidummay. Click here to review the details. When bathed in pigs blood, it is believed to assume new powers and will grant the owner wealth and prosperity. Orosa-Goquingco, Leonor. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now. Our Own Voice, March. Soon Aguinaldos men resorted to outright confiscation of food supplies, which earned for them the title black hawks or chicken-stealing fowl. This made the Ifugao desire not only the rifles but even more so the heads of the soldiers. When in groups, the Ifugao use proverbs to give advice to the young. While the carving of the ritual bulol has stopped, the Ifugao continue to use these few remaining images in their rice rituals and in guarding their rice granaries. Ifugao Villages and Houses. Catholic Anthropological Conference 1 (April): 117-141. It is constructed by skilled men in the forest interior and carried by several men to the house of the kadangyan. A centerpiece of this belt may be a large white shell with a smaller red shell attached to its center. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. Dolor, Danny. Census of Population and Housing. Philippine Statistics Authority. Newly married couples live separately from their parents to ensure mutual respect and cooperation. Ifugao epics are chanted romances recounting the origins of the people, the life and adventure of Ifugao heroes, the valor of men and the beauty of women, as well as ancient customs and traditions. Billiet, Francisco. The makalun (messenger) is asked to intercede with the deities according to the purpose of the rite. Ifugao culture values kinship, family ties, and religious and cultural beliefs. Feasts are a measure of an Ifugaos prestige or rank. The rapid assimilation of the Ifugao into the global economic and social system has eroded these ideas. Santos, Soliman, Jr., and Paz Verdades M. Santos. Talungatung (fringes) at both ends are generally of the same color as the rest, and they are crowned with the tiniku (red broken line) or the kudilap (alternating red, yellow, and dark blue broken lines). The male dancers shake their spears and shields as they dance toward the deceased persons house. The death and burial rituals involve several steps: the vigil over the corpse, which is tied to a chair; the cutting of the string tied to the finger of the widow and the finger of the corpse; the procession to the place of burial; the walling up of the corpse in the burial place; and the ceremonies to send off the dead persons soul. Ellis, George. It consists of small patches of forest usually tended by adult males in each family. Manila: Editorial Associates Ltd. Goda, Toh. Ethnic Houses and Philippine Artistic Expression. American presence in the Ifugao province initiated gradual adaptation to new realities. The sound of gongs summons villagers to a feast, which can last for several nights. In the late 1990s in Mayoyao, death rituals could last up to a month. Although there are basic movement patterns to follow, they are free to move as they please, forming a line, for instance, or dance individually. The Ifugao peoples response to the public outcry was this: While non-Ifugao Filipinos look upon these terraces as a national symbol and hold them responsible for the maintenance and preservation of these, they, on the other hand, must go where economic security beckons. While kneeling in front of the dancers, the gong players hold the gangsa on top of their thighs with the convex side held up. Ordinarily, the rich belong to the mombaki (shaman) clan who perform marriages, recite myths during marriages and victory feasts, and offer animal sacrifices and prayers for the recovery of sick people. Stores were allowed to sell local goods and produce. The knowledge of pedigrees is of paramount importance to the Ifugao. The rite against sickness is called agba, which determines which deity is causing a persons sickness. He then takes her to his father Muntalog, who assures her that she and Kabigat have committed no wrongdoing. 1929. Souvenir program published by the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Manila in conjunction with the event of the same name, 25-26 October. They were usually met with spears by the ferocious Ifugao warriors. Women wear tattoos, with designs similar to those of the men, on the whole length of their arms. He calls the crocodiles inhabiting the lake, and they emerge and follow his command, forming a line that stretches toward the mysterious island, which is the heros destination. Speeches are made in between these dances, with the resounding whoooo-o-eee serving to silence those present so that the speech may be delivered (Wilcox 1912, 109-112). His father Wigan sends his daughter Bugan to look after her brother Kabigat. The Ifugao Archaeological Project (IAP), a community-led and collaborative research program of the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement, University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies. Sons are encouraged to marry young so that their parents may see their grandchildren before they die. Since animals cannot be used because of the steep terraces, men upturn the soil with wooden spades after soaking the paddy. The paypayto is an imitation of the high-flying birds who are disturbed by the hunters and fly away to safer places. The Ifugao house consists of three levels: the stone pavement, the main building, which stands on the pavement, and the roof. By tradition, children follow the choice of their parents. The Tuwali use white, black, and red, with the last being the dominant color. . 1967. 1980. The Ifugao produce baskets for household needs as well as other purposes. ), (What you have planted is what you will reap. The bulol is characterized by a distinct facial expression evoking some inner spiritual force; it is believed to be alive and capable of speaking. As soon as the pigs bile shows signs favorable to the couple being married, the native rice wine tapoy is passed around and the imbajah dance begins. Apocalypse Yesterday Already! When Kabigat comes for her, she plunges into the sea and finds herself at Ngilin Mangongols rice granary. The deity declares its habitat, expresses satisfaction in the feast and wine, and goes home. ), Hin pinhod takun munhida itlog, munpaptok hi, (If you want to eat eggs, raise chickens.). If the bile shows a bad omen, the ceremony is repeated until a favorable signal is finally made. The giniling is a bracelet made of heavy copper wire coiled like a spring 20 to 40 times, gradually increasing in width. Hunting plays a major part in the peoples subsistence; thus, there are many ritual myths about hunting. Filmography of Filipino Films 2011. Plaridel 9 (2): 115-54. It is said that the cultural heroes Bugan and Balitok, or Bugan and Wigan, bought the first ablan (weaving loom) from Punholdayan. The headdress may be made of three or four kung-kung (feathers), a roosters tail feather, or a bird-shaped piece of white-and-blue porcelain. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. The weaving ritual invokes these deities by their names. 1906. Houses are arranged according to the shape of the terraces. In politics, warlord rule emerged. The Spaniards could not end the Ifugao practice of headhunting completely despite attempts to do so, and the Ifugao continually attacked Spanish garrisons and troops. Manila: One-Man Show Studio. Jenista, Frank. The lower part is about chest- or waist-high from the floor. However, the upper portion of the skirt usually reveals the navel, so a balko (belt) secures the skirt around her stomach. The house is windowless so as to keep the cold out. Hence, the baskets and wooden utensils kept in the house are blackened by the smoke. The Constabulary uniform was adopted to the Ifugao manner of dressing: a khaki shirt with sleeve insignia, cartridge belt, a specially designed loincloth, the traditional hip bag for the men, a padang worn around both legs, and a single-shot Springfield rifle. The White Apos: American Governors in the Cordillera Central. Burial methods depend on the age, social status of the deceased, and cause of death. The Half-way Sun: Life among the Headhunters of the Philippines. Ifugao Culture and History. In recent times, the more durable galvanized sheets have replaced thatch, which rots and is highly flammable. Thus, the house can be disassembled, transferred to another site, and reassembled within a day. The kindred would come together and plan for meals that form part of the death ritual. The ones without designs, often described as infra, can be further classified into subtypes. The traditional kinship system of the Ifugao has also been manipulated by traditional politicians. Animals are sacrificed during the wake. A fire is kept going in one of the corners of the house. The Ifugao. Unitas 40 (1): 4-52. 2014. All the regions of the universe are inhabited by thousands of deities and spirits; yet, there is no supreme deity. Those who were captured during head-taking excursions belong to the nawotwot (lower class). The kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs but is now known as oban, is used for carrying babies. 5 vols. For two centuries even as the lowlanders were under Spanish domination, Ifugao life remained undisturbed. The culture and social habits of the associated community has developed deep ties with these rice terraces. The tapis called bayaong has the same colors as the bayaong blanket. The things they used at home are also made of native materials. Cordillera: Diversity in Culture Change, Social Anthropology of Hill People in Northern Luzon. The hudhud is chanted while the Ifugao work in the field or attend funeral wakes. The crocodiles let him walk on their scaly back, and he dives headlong into the deep waters, arriving safely afterward in the abode of the underworld gods. They are expected to obey and respect their parents at all times and help them with work. 2005. Simple abong huts are also used as shelter in the rice fields. Tuklas Sining series. In the Kiangan district, the rich are composed of three groups: the kadangyan, ordinary rich; the ballihung or immuyya-uy, the middle elite; and the himagabi, the wealthiest. In 1847, the military governor Mariano Oscariz carried out expeditions in Mayoyao, Alimit, and Kiangan, burning crops, destroying terrace walls, and executing three Ifugao for every Spaniard killed. A historical novel about an Ifugao hero named Kalatong is The Half Way Sun: A Tale of the Philippine Islands by Australian T. Inglis Moore, an English and creative writing teacher at the University of the Philippines from 1928 to 1931. Younger men tattoo only their necks and the chest. Men wear the binuhlan or wanno (G-string), which is long enough to be wound around the body two or three times. The rice fields may also be planted with legumes or vegetables after the harvest, so even the embankments are useful. Got Something to Say? There are two types of Ifugao houses: the abong and the bale. , National Economic and Development Authority-Cordillera Adminsitrative Region. We've updated our privacy policy. Although the social organization of the Ifugao differs remarkably from the Balinese, the intensive agricul-tural system and management of irrigation are similar. For every type of crime, there is a corresponding punishment. The Hudhud hi Aliguyon (Hudhud of Aliguyon) is about the battle lasting several years between Aliguyon from the village of Hannanga and Pumbakhayon from the village of Daligdigan. The neighbors of the Ifugao to the north are the Bontok; to the west, the Kankanaey and Ibaloy; to the east, the Gaddang; and to the south, the Ikalahan and Iwak. The poorer Ifugao use bamboo for their walls. Savage Gentlemen. The interior of an Ifugao house is more round than cube-shaped and is windowless. In Kiangan and Lagawe villages, the split-rattan material is used for household baskets like the labba (farm bowl), ligao (winnowing tray), and plaited storage jars. 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