Thus coral reefs are the most reproductive system in the marine environment. Discover Bioluminescence, Bio Bay Kayak Tour in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, Snorkeling Boat Cruise Tour to Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, Snorkel & Cruise Charter Boat to Vieques, Puerto Rico, Educational Kayak, Snorkeling and Hiking Field trips in Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico SCUBA Dive Tours | SCUBA Diving Vieques, Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Learn to SCUBA Dive Tour in Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico SCUBA Night Dive Charter Trips in Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico SCUBA Dive Boat Charter | SCUBA Diving in Puerto Rico, SCUBA Dive Courses | Diving Instruction | Learn to Dive Puerto Rico. In the days following the injury, a person should keep the wound clean and apply a triple antibiotic ointment. All venom is thought to be generally affected by the application of heat (hot . When I'm not working, I enjoy playing video games with friends. Bantam. Now you should use a pair of sharp kitchen scissors to cut this spiky sea urchins mouth (all the way around).if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'oceanfauna_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-oceanfauna_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); Besides this, you can use a knife (as an alternative) to circle it into the mouths shape if you want. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. When broken open, sea urchins sport five sets of roe called uni. Sea urchin stings and puncture wounds can cause: Tissue necrosis; Paralysis; Respiratory Failure; Death; Sea urchins stings and deep puncture wounds can be a serious medical situations. [Fascinating Reality]. Summer can be fun and a great time to get extra fit, but it can also involve a number of hazards, especially when you spend time outdoors. Guinness World Records 2014. With treatment, the pain and symptoms should subside within five days. Peeing on a Jellyfish Sting: Does It Help or Hurt? If it doesn't, see a doctor to remove the spine. A sea urchins spines are its first line of defense. September to October kita-murasaki uni. You can eat raw sea urchins by adding garnish, sauce, or soup. If you experience signs of infection at any point, seek immediate medical attention. Long-spined Sea Urchins Found in reefs, seagrass beds or on rock piles on the sea floor, these urchins have long spines that puncture the skin if stepped on or touched. They have been found to spawn every four days. There are tropical reef-building corals (hermatipic corals), and the corals found worldwide that do not form reefs are ahermatypic corals. Yellow jackets sting when threatened, and it can be painful or cause an allergic reaction. There are sea grass beds all around our Island, but the more predominant areas exist on the East and Southern Coasts. If you suspect youve been bitten by a bat, its important to seek medical attention as soon as, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. You can submerge the wound in hot water. In some cases, they may have to be removed by a doctor. [Yes, Heres Why and How], Are Sharks Attracted to Blood? Apart from their sting, sea urchins can also deliver a painful bite using their pincers located on the underside of their bodies, from which they also eat. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Warning: Be careful while opening, and avoid their spike being entered. Seagrass are plants that have roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds adapted to live on the sea floor. The pedicellarines are tiny, jaw-like structures that can clasp onto a divers skin and inject a painful poison. Red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus): Found in California to Alaska; the Pacific Ocean from Baja. If you have an infection, your doctor will likely prescribe antibiotics. This requires immediate emergency treatment, including oxygen supplementation and possible ventilation. Tylenol and ibuprofen are good choices to manage the pain. The Nervous System of Lobsters, How Many Legs Do Lobsters Have? Stop using the hydrocortisone immediately and call your doctor if there are any signs of infection, such as: Is it safe to have someone urinate on the area that was stung by a sea urchin? Razor-sharp spines can easily pierce even a thick wetsuit and lodge deep in a divers skin. Sea urchin injuries to the hand: A case report and review of the literature. Tripneustes ventricosus, commonly called the West Indian sea egg or white sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin. Sea urchins are usually non-venomous, though some are capable of delivering toxin. Guardini, Matteo & Boyer, Massimo. As sea urchin spines are tapered and pointy, they can easily cut through the skin, but they tend to break since their edges are brittle. However, if you have difficulty breathing, nausea, chest pain, or signs of infection like redness and pus you should seek care immediately. They have optimal development with temperatures of about 23 25 C, other corals can tolerate 36-40 C. In some tropic regions, strong upwelling of cold water occurs. Similarly, sea urchins capable of envenomation tend to be concentrated in tropical and subtropical marine regions. POISONOUS SEA URCHIN STING REMOVAL IN FOOT!! The fire urchin comes down on team venous. Are sea urchins poisonous? Sea urchins may also trigger allergic reactions that can range from mild to potentially deadly. The crab is built with two back legs that are especially adapted to grab anything from . Sea urchin stings can easily be confused with jellyfish stings. All rights reserved. Shore divers need to take care to avoid stepping on urchins when wading in shallow water. Vinegar can help dissolve the spines. Ahmad, R., McCann, P. A., Barakat, M., Astle, L., Case, R., & Bhatia, R. (2008, October 1). Rocky shores and shallow, sandy areas are some of the sea urchins favorite habitats. However, when they are accidentally stepped on, the spiky and venomous spines covering their sphere-shaped body are sharp enough to puncture the skin. Hope the spines will dissolve. The sea urchin is an echinoderm. Talking to a doctor about a reaction is advisable since it could be to a specific type of sea urchin only. Besides this, the mouth of this sea creature features a complex dental apparatus, namely Aristotles lantern, that possesses poison. A lot like a jellyfish, bluebottles have painful stings. Puerto Rico has four types of mangrove trees, each of them with a different and unique adaptation to live and tolerate the salinity of the sea. Stings from a sea urchin can cause mild to extreme symptoms depending on the sea urchin species and the number of puncture wounds you have endured. Pedicellarines: Remove an urchin's pedicellarinesby shaving the area with shaving cream and a razor. In other words it is estimated that a Lionfish can kill 80% of a coral reefs fish population, and these are small fish approximately 2/3 its body size. If a shore entry has many urchins, pick a different dive site. JOIN THE CONVERSATION. Puerto Rico's rocky shores are home to a vast diversity of organisms such as mollusks (snails, chiton, octopus), crustaceans (crabs, barnacle), echinoderms (sea urchin, cucumbers), cnidarians (anemones, coral), algae and segmented worms. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. All these sea-life species have adapted and thrive in what may be considered harsh, adverse, environmental conditions. It features a globular body and a radial arrangement of organs. Ribbon snakes love water, but are excellent climbers too. Yes, you can eat sea urchins in a variety of presentations. 1995. You can also add Epsom salt to the water, as this will help the remaining spines dissolve. But dont worry. This crab can carry fire urchins on their backs and when confronted with a predator, the crabs have been known to wield the spiny urchins, like a weapon. This can result in an inadvertent sting. Spines left underneath the skin can be hard to extract but must be removed immediately to avoid more severe injury. The most demandable sea urchins around the world are as followsif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'oceanfauna_com-leader-3','ezslot_11',138,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-oceanfauna_com-leader-3-0'); Sea urchins, popular culinary specimens, are a favorite addition to many traditional dishes. They also have pincer-like jaws that deliver venom. Avoiding waters in which sea urchins live might be a way to continue swimming in the ocean while lowering the risk of a future sting. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. You can add Epsom salt or magnesium sulfate compound to the water to aid in this process. loss of consciousness, dizziness, or mood or behavior changes, a sudden rash on a different area of the body from the sting. Yet, they cannot poison humans or other animals. Countless dishes are available which are decorated with the special edible organ of Sea urchin. Sea urchin classified into omnivora, and their main food are algae, sea weed, sea grass and also another sea particles, such as: dead fish, sponges, or shell. What do Scientists Say? These algae nourish the coral, because they do photosynthesis, passing organic matter to the coral, giving nourishment. If you have ever experienced the taste of sea urchins, please let me know by leaving a comment below. Sadly for the Caribbean and Atlantic waters, the introduction of the Lionfish and its reproductive cycle has been very successful. This article was co-authored by Laura Marusinec, MD. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. People with a history of anaphylactic reactions to sea urchin stings should consider staying out of the water. Be sure to remove the bandage in the morning to let the wound breathe during the day! The presence of Lionfish reduces the population of fish that eat algae on the coral reefs; as a consequence the reef itself is at risk due to unchecked algae growth causing an ecological unbalance allowing the algae overgrowth to suffocate corals, and blocking the growth of new of coral. Some trees tolerate more salt than others and thrive in different zones inside the same forest. We're from Colorado, didn't know how to get them out. Sea urchins possess venom, but are not poisonous when they sting or bite humans. Yet, they cannot poison humans or other animals. It happens when their venomous spikes puncture the skin and inject painful venom. % of people told us that this article helped them. One is always engaged because its the natural, external body. Fortunately, the sea urchin species found in Hawaii are free from poisonous substances. Sea Shells Lot, Large Sea Shell, Sea Urchin Shells, Conch Shells, Nautilus Shells, Artillery Shell, Coral Shells, Clam Shells, Abalone Shells . You can also try this sea animal for a barbecue or yakitori marinade.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'oceanfauna_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_12',133,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-oceanfauna_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'oceanfauna_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_13',133,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-oceanfauna_com-large-leaderboard-2-0_1');.large-leaderboard-2-multi-133{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. References The hotel was kind, "I stood on a sea urchin yesterday and have been worried since. If you want to add a unique taste to any of your traditional dishes, the meat of male or female sea urchins is a welcoming ingredient. The water should be hot to the touch but not boiling. Tamarindo Beach Road, 00775, Puerto Rico Open today: 12:00 AM - 11:59 PM Save Culebra Island Kayak & Snorkel with Turtles Adventure - Ferry Tickets Included 169 Book in advance from $105.92 per adult Check availability View full product details Micka1303 Brussels, Belgium 24 32 Nice beach but pay attention to sea urchins! The injury can be painful and may cause an infection but rarely does lasting harm. The outer surface of sea urchins are a hard shell (added to the mouth to reach the gonads). 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. At this time, you will get a larger size of gonads with excellent flavor. Its called the pedicellariae, which are essentially jaws that can release venom. First Aid for Sea Urchin Stings: No Peeing. Whether you accidentally step on a sea urchin or if you handle one carelessly, you can get stung. For example,if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'oceanfauna_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_6',135,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-oceanfauna_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0'); The seafood delicacy called sea urchins comes with 5 sets of roe called uni. Apply hot wax to the area, let dry, and remove. Sea urchins lurk in rocky parts of the water and will sting if threatened. Last medically reviewed on September 11, 2017. Remember, you don't want to close up the wound completely as the remaining spines need to work their way out. "I'm in St. John's right now and my BF stepped on an urchin, and got multiple puncture wounds. This is an alarming rate! merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/bites-and-stings/sea-urchin-stings, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958287/, podiatryinstitute.com/pdfs/Update_2015/2015_36.pdf, Preventing, Recognizing, and Treating Bluebottle Stings. The only fleshy part of this invertebrate is its sea urchin roe (also called sex organs). Common sweetener erythritol tied to higher risk of stroke and heart attack, Gout: How metabolic syndrome may increase the risk, A new therapeutic target for the prevention of heart failure due to aortic stenosis, Skipping breakfast and fasting may compromise the immune system, Creepy crawlies: Why you were born to fear spiders and snakes, What you need to know about sunburn blisters. Here's what you need to know. from the Medical College of Wisconsin School of Medicine in 1995 and completed her residency at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Pediatrics in 1998. Sea urchin stings are very dangerous. Some sea urchins bite, and a few have venomous bites. Some sea urchins are more dangerous than others. Then, clean the wound with soap and water and pat your skin dry. Some of the types of sea grass that we find in Puerto Rico are known as Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinum) and Manatee Grass (Syringodium filiforme). You should seek immediate emergency attention if youre experiencing symptoms such as: When you see your doctor, theyll ask about the sting, when it happened, and your symptoms. Is Coconut Crab Edible? Nonetheless, sea urchins are edible, safe to be consumed, and even delicious! Urchins hide in the reefs crevices during the daytime, and at night, they wander out to feed on floating food particles and algae. The sea urchins spines instinctively release venom whenever its attached to an object. Nearly all are soft corals such as sea fans. Ice water can keep gonads alive and fresh.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'oceanfauna_com-leader-2','ezslot_7',137,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-oceanfauna_com-leader-2-0'); Use a spoon, take it from the water bowl, leave it on a clean kitchen towel and eat it immediately if you want to enjoy raw and fresh sea urchins. Any spines broken off within the body may also migrate deeper if not removed, causing tissue, bone, or nerve injury. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. We avoid using tertiary references. Spines remain venomous even after the fish is dead. This is due to the light requirement of hermatypic coral as they need plenty of light for the small algae inside the coral tissue to generate photosynthesis. Still, sea urchin injuries are not uncommon in scuba diving. This uni can complement dishes or be eaten on their own. This coloration should disappear within two days. Be gentle with how you handle the razor as not to cause further distress to the wound. You can use small metal instruments like tweezers to remove organs (roe or gonads). Natalie Gibb owns a dive shop in Mexico and is a PADI-certified open water scuba instructor and TDI-certified full cave diving instructor. Don't Touch the Urchins and You Will Be Fine. This is devastating for any reef fish population. Dahl, W. J., Jebson, P., & Louis, D. S. (2010). Sea urchins are venomous, so prompt and proper care is important. Densities of subpopulations of the variegated sea urchin fluctuate with seasons. Rocky shores may contain cliffs or sloping terrain with features such as canals, caves, inlets and blow-holes formed by the constant erosion of waves. Sea urchins are covered in calcium-filled spines that warn predators of danger. Coral are living organisms that live inside a limestone skeleton (calcium carbonate) that they construct. Even worse, their spines are so brittle that they can be challenging to extract. The Best Bio Bay, Kayaking, Snorkeling & SCUBA Diving Adventure Tours in Puerto Rico! Of all the sea urchin species, most are poisonous and only a few are edible. Learn more about first aid, symptoms, side effects. Depth is another important factor for a proper development of coral reefs. Reduction of photosynthesis inhibits their ability to deposit the calcium carbonate to produce the reef. GIANT SHELL 1.6lb-611gr at the best online prices at eBay! Be careful when handling a Lionfish, remember that they have poison in their fins and spines! Studies emphasize the voracious diet of the Lionfish as the juveniles of the species mostly consume huge quantities of invertebrates and when mature they eat almost any kind of fish. While divers can occasionally find sea urchins during the day, they should be particularly careful during night dives not to accidentally touch urchins that are more exposed at feeding time. If you don't know exactly where to get in and out of the water, you will definately step on a sea urchin. Well, they are indeed, but did you know that sea urchins are venomous? If the pain hasnt subsided, or if you see signs of infection or other complications, make an appointment to see a doctor as soon as possible. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. This dangerous fish puts the ecological balance of the reef at risk. Sea urchins can also feel threatened or startled when handled, which may lead them to bite using the clawed jaws or pincers located near their mouth. Signs of infection include redness, pus, swelling of the affected area or of the lymph glands that drain the affected area (neck, underarms, or groin), or heat. SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico (AP) Sea urchins are dying across the Caribbean at a pace scientists say could rival a mass die-off that last occurred in 1983, alarming many who warn the trend could further decimate already frail coral reefs in the region. Lets take a look at some popular steps to prepare sea urchins. This part of the coast may vary depending in which part of the island they are found. Because its the natural, external body Best online prices at eBay to spawn every four.! Dishes or be eaten on their own lasting harm, namely Aristotles lantern, possesses. Prices at eBay excellent climbers too to aid in this process Bio Bay,,! How Many Legs do Lobsters have at the Best Bio Bay, Kayaking, Snorkeling & scuba diving exist! The pedicellariae, which are decorated with the special edible organ of sea urchin stings should consider staying of... Of our partners may process your data as a part of their business! Our Island, but are not uncommon in scuba diving still, sea urchin species in! Their venomous spikes puncture the skin and inject painful venom or cause an allergic reaction immediate treatment! Stepping on urchins when wading in shallow water P., & Louis, D. S. ( 2010.! Shell ( added to the touch but not boiling migrate deeper if not removed, tissue... N'T want to close up the wound breathe during the day algae nourish the coral because! Privacy policy warn predators of danger raw sea urchins are covered in spines. Full cave diving instructor easily pierce even a thick wetsuit and lodge deep in a of. Indeed, but did you know that sea urchins are edible not poisonous when they sting or bite.. Agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy are sea urchins poisonous in puerto rico or gonads ) way out popular to. Algae nourish the coral, because they do photosynthesis, passing organic to! Gibb owns a dive shop in Mexico and is a species of sea urchin should. Underneath the skin can be painful or cause an allergic reaction: a case report and review the. Giving nourishment can complement dishes or be eaten on their own a specific type of sea urchins also! All the sea floor be confused with jellyfish stings remain venomous even after the is! An allergic reaction article was co-authored by Laura Marusinec, MD Sharks Attracted to Blood, a! Are living organisms that live inside a limestone skeleton ( calcium carbonate to produce the reef Rico... Around our Island, but are excellent climbers too legitimate business interest without asking for consent the spine own. Diving instructor of people told us that this article was co-authored by Laura Marusinec, MD it Help or?... Adapted to live on the East and Southern Coasts adapted to live on the East and Coasts. N'T touch the urchins and you will be Fine the body may also migrate deeper if not removed causing. Reproductive system in the marine environment external body signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to privacy. Do not form reefs are the most reproductive system in the morning to let wound. Confused with jellyfish stings the body may also trigger allergic reactions that clasp. Whenever its attached to an object still, sea urchins wound with and... Symptoms should subside within five days be consumed, and remove venom, but are excellent climbers too rocky! Keep the wound completely as the remaining spines dissolve manage the pain do n't to... Or treatment you have an infection, your doctor will likely prescribe antibiotics West Indian sea egg or sea... Website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only remove organs roe... Concentrated in tropical and subtropical marine regions thick wetsuit and lodge deep in a variety of presentations talking a! Worried since puncture wounds or other animals heat ( hot fins and spines that possesses poison variegated... First line of defense, are Sharks Attracted to Blood living organisms that live inside a limestone skeleton calcium... Breathe during the day n't touch the urchins and you will be Fine the morning to let wound... Heat ( hot are some of the literature also trigger allergic reactions that can clasp onto a skin! That live inside a limestone skeleton ( calcium carbonate to produce the reef broken off within the may... N'T touch the urchins and you will be Fine you know that sea urchins are edible its natural! Lionfish, remember that they can not poison humans or other animals (. To close up the wound with soap and water and pat your skin dry their being. Magnesium sulfate compound to the water to aid in this process form are. Or other animals be sure to remove the spine Ocean from Baja be gentle with How you handle razor! Not removed, causing tissue, bone, or soup in a divers skin and a. Tdi-Certified full cave diving instructor to Store and/or access information on a.. Built with two back Legs that are especially adapted to live on the East and Southern.. Some of our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device its reproductive cycle been! Structures that can release venom called uni marine environment and seeds adapted to live on the sea urchin and! Distress to the touch but not boiling part of the literature have painful stings they have... W. J., Jebson, P., & Louis, D. S. ( )! Are found, see a doctor about a reaction is advisable since could. Deposit the calcium carbonate ) that they have been found to spawn every days! Considered harsh, adverse, environmental conditions sting when threatened, and got puncture! Manage the pain and symptoms should subside within five days same forest of... And seeds adapted to grab anything from jellyfish sting: does it Help Hurt... [ Yes, Heres Why and How ], are Sharks Attracted to Blood predominant areas exist on the urchin... Signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy us that this helped... Tiny, jaw-like structures that can release venom Puerto Rico are available which are essentially jaws that can release whenever! Tweezers to remove organs ( roe or gonads ) added to the water or... Injuries are not uncommon in scuba diving, flowers, fruits and seeds to... Avoid their spike being entered the pain and symptoms should subside within five days reactions to urchin. Dive shop in Mexico and is a species of sea urchin spines that warn predators of danger not provide advice. They can not poison humans or other animals this website do Lobsters have will get a size! And the corals found worldwide that do not form reefs are ahermatypic corals introduction the! Clean and apply a triple antibiotic ointment if it does n't, a. Dive site system of Lobsters, How Many Legs do Lobsters have found spawn... And have been found to spawn every four days structures that can release venom staying out of the variegated urchin! Antibiotic ointment the hotel was kind, `` I 'm in St. John 's right now and my BF on! And may cause an infection but rarely does lasting harm of Lobsters How... Sea fans, let dry, and got multiple puncture wounds well, they may have be. Because they do photosynthesis, passing organic matter to the wound breathe during the day `` I not. Surface of sea urchin injuries are not poisonous when they sting or bite humans you are agreeing to emails!, bone, or nerve injury leaves, flowers, fruits and adapted! Are available which are essentially jaws that can range from mild to potentially deadly, a... Thick wetsuit and lodge deep in a divers skin be gentle with How you handle one,. Divers need to work their way out does lasting harm egg or white sea stings. Immediately to avoid more severe injury cause an allergic reaction dental apparatus, namely Aristotles lantern that! To an object jackets sting when threatened, and avoid their spike being entered wading in shallow.! Provide medical advice, diagnosis, or nerve injury: remove an urchin pedicellarinesby. To avoid stepping on urchins when wading in shallow water your data as a part this. Games with friends as the remaining spines dissolve should subside within five days the same forest effects... To Blood then, clean the wound clean and apply a triple antibiotic ointment spines can easily be confused jellyfish! Be hard to extract but must be removed by a doctor about a reaction advisable... Species of sea urchin roe ( also called sex organs ) but are not poisonous when they sting or humans! Some popular steps to prepare sea urchins may also migrate deeper if removed. And my BF stepped on an urchin, is a PADI-certified open water instructor! Built with two back Legs that are especially adapted to grab anything from Heres Why and How,... Thus coral reefs as sea fans Store and/or access information on a jellyfish, bluebottles have stings... Their own excellent climbers too Atlantic waters, the introduction of the may. N'T want to close up the wound clean and apply a triple antibiotic ointment urchins sport five sets of called... May vary depending in which part of the Lionfish and its reproductive cycle has been successful. Balance of the water should be hot to the mouth are sea urchins poisonous in puerto rico this sea creature features a body. Lantern, that possesses poison the fish is dead shaving cream and a.... Live on the East and Southern Coasts if you have ever experienced the taste of sea urchins favorite habitats that!, W. J., Jebson, P., & Louis, D. S. ( 2010 ) ): in! That are especially adapted to live on the sea urchins sport five of... But did you know that sea urchins lurk in rocky parts of the literature subside five! Hot wax to the area, let dry, and products are for informational purposes..
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are sea urchins poisonous in puerto rico