[29] The same whale watching operator had two sightings in 2006 and again had a very close encounter with a right whale in 2011. 2015). But over time, as the hybrids mate randomly, those harmful genes will come out of hiding and make the offspring less fit and less capable of surviving."[195][196]. 1969. [27] [35] The three Eubalaena species inhabit three distinct areas of the globe: the North Atlantic in the western Atlantic Ocean, the North Pacific in a band from Japan to Alaska and all areas of the Southern Ocean. The whales can only cope with the moderate temperatures found between 20 and 60 degrees in latitude. The blow rises 5m (16ft) above the surface. [82], Past thinking about North Pacific right whale migration presumed a paradigm of migratory behavior similar to that of other baleen whales in the North Pacific. Right whales have historically been found closer to shore in very shallow waters than other large baleen whales, but they are by no means limited to near-shore habitats. Another curious and playful individual was encountered during a whale-watching trip off Bonin Islands in March 2014. No coastal or other wintering ground has been found for North Pacific right whales. Alaska Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Region North Aleutian Basin Planning Area Oil and Gas Lease Sale 214. Retrieved November 30, 2014, , 1990, . The most di Other call types, e.g. For 10 North Pacific right whales taken in the 1960s, their girth in front of the flippers was 0.73 of the total length of the whale. One of the few well-documented cases is of a female North Atlantic right whale that was photographed with a baby in 1935, then photographed again in 1959, 1980, 1985, and 1992. [26][118][128][129][130] Additionally, all of the modern records of right whales on mainland coasts of China were concentrated on the island of Haiyang in northern Yellow Sea. NMFS ruled that these fisheries do not threaten PCE availability. Their catches were much lower than the Japanese. Vladimirov A. V.; Miyashita T.; Khayashi N.; Saito T.; Tokuda D.; Shvetsov E. P. (2003). Over the next hundred years, Yankee whaling spread into the Southern and Pacific Oceans, where the Americans were joined by fleets from several European nations. [258] The Soviet government then filed fraudulent reports with the Bureau of International Whaling Statistics and the International Whaling Commission, admitting killing during this period only one right whale, by accident. Between 1860 and 1870, it dropped to 1,000 animals. Northern right whales responded to sounds similar to police sirenssounds of much higher frequency than their own. (citation). [9], The four species of the Balaenidae are found in temperate and polar waters; Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale), Eubalaena japonica (North Pacific right whale), Eubalaena australis (southern right whale), and Balaena mysticetus (bowhead whale). Some right whales still migrate south along Japan's coasts particularly the Pacific side of the archipelago, but what portion of the southward migration passes Japan is unknown. [256] There have been none of confirmed records along Chinese coasts targeting right whales since after the last catch (or a sighting) in 1977. All these animals resemble each other in outward appearance very closely. Based on limited observations in the 19th century, it was noted that the more extensively whaling was conducted, the more aggressive and harder to approach the whales became. [20], The pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata), a much smaller whale of the Southern Hemisphere, was until recently considered a member of the Family Balaenidae. Eubalaena glacialis (Mller, 1776) North Atlantic right whale, Encyclopedia of Life, accessed 11-30-2015, "A new member of fossil balaenid (Mysticeti, Cetacea) from the early Pliocene of Hokkaido, Japan", "Box 1: Taxonomic Rules, J.E. 1997) and the Bowhead whale (20,000 to 40,000) have made stronger recoveries There was essentially no aboriginal hunting for right whales along the west coast of North America by Native Americans in the 19th century or before. A.; Fomin S. V.; Hoyt E.; Mamaev E. G.; Sekiguchi K.; Shpak O. V. (2014). [12], Until recently, all right whales of the genus Eubalaena were considered a single speciesE. The Sea is mainly Russian territorial waters, so Russian cooperation is required for any surveys. [182], The first record of a living animal since after the whaling in the Sea of Japan occurred at Namhae near Busan in February 2015, 41 years after the last record in the Korean EEZ. Scientists would assess the rule's effectiveness before the rule expires in 2013. In 2015, a NOAA research cruise in the Bering Sea off Kodiak focused on finding right whales detected acoustic signals on two occasions from a right whale, but in neither case were the researchers able to visually locate the whales. [64], These initial studies of the historic records were reviewed more rigorously and combined with more recent information in 2004. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. North Pacific right whales can reach 15 to 18.3m (49 to 60ft) in length as adults, larger than the North Atlantic right whale. This sighting was later confirmed by a local marine biologist working at an aquarium.[169]. The upcalls of right whales are sufficiently distinct from the calls of other whale species that they can be used to identify the presence of right whales in the area by the calls alone, if care is taken in the review of those calls. It migrates north in winter for breeding, and can be seen around the coasts of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mozambique, New Zealand, South Africa and Uruguay. A remnant population of right whales persists in the Sea of Okhotsk at least in the summer, along with remnant populations of the western populations of gray and bowhead whales. (2012). 200-250), and probably only 2 percent of its population in 1835 when pelagic whaling first reached the North Pacific. They initially sought oil, but as meat preservation technology improved, the animal was also used for food. [53], In 2006, former Soviet whale biologist Nikolai Doroshenko published records of 372 right whales caught by the Soviet whaling fleets Vladivostok and Dalnij Vostok in the Bering Sea and eastern North Pacific between 1963 and 1968. Third, under the Endangered Species Act, NOAA has listed the North Pacific right whale as "endangered". The calls were clumped temporallyapparently involving some level of social interaction, as has been found in the calls of right whales in other oceans. [75][110] Last records off west coast were in 1998 off Cape San Martin and Monterey. This region and north through the Kuril Islands, the southern Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka were feeding grounds for the right whales. In the Izu Islands, one whale was observed very close to shore, tail-slapping for an extended period of time. They live in the cold waters of the northern hemisphere. Authorities have repeatedly recategorized the three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale, as one, two, three or four species, either in a single genus or in two separate genera. (The whale was eventually released.). Right whales in the Southern Hemisphere and the North Atlantic make a variety of vocalizations that have been researched extensively in the last decade. In August 2004, NOAA listening devices in the southeastern Bering Sea detected right whale vocalizations. Though the North Pacific right whale's distribution is usually more temperate than that of the more polar Bowhead whale, there are several records of the two species inhabiting the northeastern Sea of Okhotsk at the same time. They hunted at or beyond the northern limits of the right whale's range. [20] There have been claims that pectoral fins of pacific right whale are larger in portion than the other right whales and more pointed, and there may exist shape differences of tail by individuals or sex. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. Many professional whale photographers were on this tour, some of them were also on the board when this tour operator during the 2006 sightings.[164][165][166][167]. There have been few winter sightings in all these areas, particularly in California. [31][32] Many southern right whales are seen with rolls of fats behind blowholes that northern species often lack, and these are regarded as a sign of better health condition due to sufficient nutrition supply, and could have contributed in vast differences in recovery status between right whales in the southern and northern hemisphere, other than direct impacts by humankind. The taking of right whales in commercial whaling has been prohibited by one or more international treaties since 1935. [24] The following cladogram of the family Balaenidae serves to illustrate the current scientific consensus as to the relationships between the three right whales and the bowhead whale. There were 19 sightings of 31 whales in the Russian EEZ (mainly around the northern Kuril Islands, the southern Kamchatka Peninsula and the Commander Islands) between 2003 and 2014 A 2015 review of sightings of right whales seen in Russian waters between 2003 and 2014. The cladogram is a tool for visualizing and comparing the evolutionary relationships between taxa; the point where each node branches is analogous to an evolutionary branching the diagram can be read left-to-right, much like a timeline. Historic and modern sightings appear to occur more frequently in three areas: (1) the north, particularly north of Hokkaido, (2) along the coasts of central Japan, and (3) among Japan's southern islands, particularly the Bonin Islands. No further scientific whaling permits have been issued by any country to take North Pacific right whales. With governments around the North Pacific facing reductions in budgets, funding for such efforts are becoming increasingly difficult to obtain. E. japonica is a very large, thickset baleen whale. Pot fisheries occur in offshore waters, but are often deployed in winter when right whales are not known to be present.[11]. In the North Atlantic, many right whales remain in the northern part of their range throughout winter. Under the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) the North Pacific right whale is listed on Appendix I[225] (CMS) as this species has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. This shape allows for especially long baleen plates. Right whales in other oceans have been recorded making a percussive vocalization labeled a "gunshot call" or gunshot. The Soviet Union's massive illegal whaling of North Pacific right whales is described in the discussion on historic whaling. Ovsyanikova E. N.; Fedutin I. D.; Burdin A. M.; Burkanov V. N.; Filatova O. the large blubber deposits caused right whales to float to the surface, which Genetic differences between E. japonica and E. australis are much smaller than other baleen whales represent among different ocean basins. A month-long NOAA dedicated research cruises in August 2007 in the southeast Bering Sea sighted no right whales. The two critical periods of whaling were 1839 to 1849 (pelagic whaling, 90% American ships) and 1963 to 1968 (illegal Soviet whaling). [136], Off the Kii peninsula, there was one sighting in June 1999, one mortal entanglement in April 2003, and three records of two animals in the spring-summer 2006 (both from many whale watching vessels). [90][91][92], Right whales were historically hunted in the Commander Islands heavily where only a handful of sightings are made in recent years,[93] however, encounters with this species around the Commander Islands and off eastern Kamchatka seems to occur on a more regular basis compared to the last several decades. Acoustic searching for North Pacific right whales has been done with two types of listening devices. Temporary voluntary speed limits in other areas or times when a group of three or more right whales is confirmed. These classifications allow people to better understand how marine mammals are related to other animals. The Yankee whalers moved into the South Atlantic before the end of the 18th century. Izu and Bonin Islands are regions with highest confirmed sightings and strandings rates among tropical regions in the past century. 2014) and(Ovsyanikova et al. Here is a link to audio recordings of these types of calls from a North Atlantic right whale. [155] A photo of a Right whale being hunted in 1922 in the Sea of Japan is available. The ban was largely successful, although violations continued for several decades. During the winter months (JulyOctober), southern right whales come so close to the shoreline, visitors can watch whales from strategically placed hotels. [59] Data obtained during Japanese sighting surveys for minke whales in 1989, 1990, and 1992 led Japanese scientists to estimate a population of 922 right whales in the Sea of Okhotsk (95% CI: 4042,108) (Miyashita and Kato 1998, IWC 2001:26). The peak calling period was July through October. Although the whales no longer face pressure from commercial whaling, mankind remains by far the greatest threat to these species: the two leading causes of death are being struck by ships and entanglement in fishing gear. On August 10, 2004, a group of two were seen in the Bering Sea. In 1675, Yoriharu Wada invented a new method of whaling, entangling the animals in nets before harpooning them. Was there an eastern population that summered in the Gulf of Alaska and a second population in the western North Pacific? The 19th century whalers travelled north in spring and south in fall. The distribution of North Pacific right whales in winter remains a major mystery. [16], In 2012, newly discovered documents revealed that the total illegal catch was even larger. Mysticeti are large filter-feeding cetaceans that also include some of the largest animals on earth as well as some of the most critically endangered. Until recently it was thought that the most common call used by North Pacific right whales was the "upcall". The Defenders of Wildlife, the Humane Society of the United States and the Ocean Conservancy sued the NMFS in September 2005 for "failing to protect the critically endangered North Atlantic Right Whale, which the agency acknowledges is 'the rarest of all large whale species' and which federal agencies are required to protect by both the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the Endangered Species Act", demanding emergency protection measures. Only record of longer staying was of Shiretoko sighting in 2013 as possibly the same individual stayed along western coasts of the peninsula for two weeks, and this case was in summer. [174] They have been rare, of short duration and none since 1998. What little is known about North Pacific right whale behavior suggests that it is similar to the behavior of right whales in other oceans, except in its choice of wintering grounds. They have large, broad and blunt pectoral flippers and the deeply notched, smoothly tipped tail flukes make up to 40% of their body length. The high densities of copepods that right whales require for normal feeding are the result of high phytoplankton productivity and currents which aggregate the copepods. Approximately 40% of right whales' body mass is blubber, and Most of these records are within, or near, the U.S. designated Critical Habitat for the North Pacific Right whale. Was the population in the Sea of Okhotsk a third population distinct from the whales found in the Pacific east of Kamchatka? Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society Species Guide, North Pacific Right Whale, , Far East Russia Orca Project expedition 2012, "Cetaceans off the northern cape of Bering Island, Commander I. [42][45], During the mating season, which can occur at any time in the North Atlantic, right whales gather into "surface-active groups" made up of as many as 20 males consorting a single female. Large portions of southern rights also wintered in pelagic waters in the past, from sub-polar to nearby Equator regions.[172]. [102] Some whales were caught off Hainan Island and this area is possibly the southernmost location of known range for the western population. On each side of the upper jaw are 200270 baleen plates. Once a critical habitat has been designated, federal agencies must consult with NOAA to ensure that any action they authorize, fund or carry out is unlikely to destroy or adversely modify it. Since its inception, the IWC has banned the commercial hunting of right whales. The later "factory ships" that processed carcasses while at sea further transformed pelagic whaling. [212], Although whaling was the principal threat to North Pacific right whales, there is no record of whalers targeting this species since the 1980s. [71] A report by the organization Oceana found that between 2017 and 2020, disobedience of the rule reached close to 90%in mandatory speed zones while in voluntary areas, disobedience neared 85%. [222] In 1955, the Soviet Union granted it whalers permits to kill 10 North Pacific right whales, and in 1956 and 1958 the Japanese granted permits to its whalers to kill 13 North Pacific right whales. Nearly all of these calls came from the shallow shelf waters at approximately 70m (230ft) of the southeastern Bering Sea in what is now designated Critical Habitat for this species. [64] Many of these captured individuals were rather large individuals as reaching around 16m (52.5ft), and were later made to be specimens for exhibition at several locations. A local museum () was later built specially for displaying the animal's carcass. The "skimming" may take place on the surface, underwater, or even at the seabed, indicated by mud occasionally observed on right whales' bodies. [9] The four species of the Balaenidae are found in temperate and polar waters; Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale), Eubalaena japonica (North Pacific right whale), Eubalaena australis (southern right whale), and Balaena mysticetus (bowhead whale). This information allowed researchers to find visually the whales and photograph, biopsy dart (to collect genetic samples) and tag two whales. [39][183], There was a sighting off Shenzhen in 2015 although this was broadcast a humpback whale,[184] and the first stranding of the species was recorded on Shandong Province between 2000 and 2006.[185]. coast for first time in 62 years", "Right Whale Sighting: World's Rarest Whale Seen Near Victoria (Photos)", "Second sighting of endangered North Pacific right whale in B.C. [37] To date, however, scientific consensus still considers Hunterius swedenborgii to be a North Atlantic right whale. One right whale was seen resting in Pasagshak Bay in May 2010. [79][80][81] Some recent sighting records are available. The exploration phase of oil development is characterized by numerous ships engaged in seismic testing to map undersea geological formations. [191], On March 31, 2010, President Obama issued a memorandum for the Secretary of the Interior withdrawing Sale 214 from disposition by leasing through June 30, 2017, the Bristol Bay area of the North Aleutian Basin in Alaska. Gestation tends to last a year, and calves are weaned at eight months old. Despite many aircraft and ship-based searches,[69] as well as analysis of listening device records, only a few small areas report recent sightings in the eastern North Pacific. It very closely resembles the North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis) the southern right whale (E. australis), so much so they were long thought to be just one species. In Sea of Okhotsk, habitat sharing with an endangered population of bowhead whales have been confirmed at northern parts of the sea especially within the region contains Akademii and Ul'bansky Bays as well as critically endangered western gray whales. Before DNA analysis of meat products became available very recently, such infractions could not be detected when the factory ship returned to port. The proposal was made official when on December 8, 2008, NOAA issued a press release that included the following:[70], In 2020, NOAA published its assessment and found that since the speed rule was adopted, the total number of documented deaths from vessel strike decreased but serious and non-serious injuries have increased. Antwerpibalaena [40], The North Pacific right whale appears to occur in two populations. The last Basque voyages were made before the Seven Years' War (17561763). [106] Historical occurrences of vagrancy around Borneo have been considered as well,[107] while possibilities of migrations to or through Philippines are unclear. In the single decade of 184049, between 21,000 and 30,000 right whales were killed in the North Pacific, Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea. [54] In 2004, at least two calves were seen. A photo and a video are available. Marine biologists at the University of Utah examined these louse genes and determined their hosts split into three species 56million years ago, and these species were all equally abundant before whaling began in the 11th century. Right whales are three species of large baleen whales of the genus Eubalaena: the North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis), the North Pacific right whale (E. japonica) and the Southern right whale (E. australis). In its 2013 evaluation of the threats to survival of the North Pacific right whale, NOAA examined the possible impacts of entanglement in fishing gear and ingestion of marine debris. Whale lice, parasitic cyamid crustaceans that live off skin debris, offer further information through their own genetics. [23] (with smaller areas scattered among southern Korean and Japanese waters). [43], Summering congregations were known to occur among various areas based on whaling records. The accounting based on that information showed that the Soviet whaling fleets caught 529 right whales from 1962 to 1968 in the eastern North Pacific, plus 152 more right whales in the Sea of Okhotsk in 1967 and 1968, for a total of 661 right whales. The [13], Like right whales in other oceans, North Pacific right whales feed primarily on copepods, mainly the species Calanus marshallae. [11] For example, a localized food shortage for one or more years may reduce the population below a minimum size. [19], Because the oceans are so large, it is very difficult to accurately gauge whale population sizes. [23] Basic information about right whale lengths and sex are also available from coastal whaling operations in the early part of the 20th century. Alternate listening devices are permanently moored acoustic recorders that acoustically sample over long periods (months) until the acoustic is retrieved by a ship. [220], In 1946 the major whaling countries signed the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling which established the International Whaling Commission (IWC) whose regulations first took effect in 1949. A third risk is an inability to find mating partners. There are very few reports of right whales in the western North Pacific. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, observers on Japanese research vessels reported 28 sightings of right whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Between 2000 and 2006 NOAA researchers deployed passive acoustic listening devices in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska and recorded at least 3,600 North Pacific right whale calls . [207], In its 2013 Recovery Plan, NOAA reviewed the scientific evidence on the effects of ship noise on right whales at length. It may also impose a sublethal level of stress on them that might impact their health. WebThe Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Very large marine mammal of the genus Baleen or Anabaena", 5 letters crossword clue. Right whales are detected acoustically then are located visually by shipboard observers. [152] Two adults stranded in the northern and southern Ibaraki Prefecture in 2003[153] and 2009. NMFS also ruled that the zooplankton PCE was vulnerable to oil spills and discharges, which may require measures such as conditioning federal permits or authorizations with special operational constraints.[232]. These are non-lethal, and applied with a crossbow, can beam the whales' location, movements, dives and other information to researchers. The role and purpose of this call is uncertain. A common explanation for the name right whales is that they were regarded as the right ones to hunt,[9] as they float when killed and often swim within sight of shore. The Northeast Pacific population, which Catches were distributed in the Bering Sea (115), eastern Aleutian Islands (28), Gulf of Alaska (366), Sea of Okhotsk (132), and other areas (20). However, this origin is questionable: in his history of American whaling, Eric Jay Dolin writes: Despite this highly plausible rationale, nobody actually knows how the right whale got its name. [214] Previous NOAA dedicated ship surveys in the southeast Bering Sea also have had only sporadic success in visibly locating right whales. The catches primarily involved large mature animals, thus greatly inhibiting recovery of right whales in these regions. Right whales are typically 1317m (4356ft) long and weigh up to 100 short tons (91t; 89 long tons) or more. Several observations of North Pacific right whales to interact with groups or solitary humpback whales have been recorded in both Eastern and Western North Pacific. "Nanki Marine Leisure Service", a whale-watching operator working off Kumano-nada sea had 2 encounters of different animals in 2006, and another one in 2011. About 3 Ma, small balaenids, [47], Another 10 sightings of right whales in five groups were reported in 2012 surveys southeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula and off the Kuril Islands (Sekiguchi et al. Acoustic detection and visual searches are often used in conjunction. ", "Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan", "Whale Defenders Lose Navy Training Challenge", "Right Whales Wronged: Judge allows Navy to expand sonar use in Florida calving area", Right Whale Lesson Plan from Smithsonian Education, North Atlantic Right Whale on the Smithsonian Ocean Portal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_whale&oldid=1130195234, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, They often swam close to shore where they could be spotted by beach lookouts, and hunted from beach-based. In the Sea of Okhotsk entanglement in fishing gear, like deep-water crab traps and Japanese pelagic driftnet gear for salmon may be a significant problem. The Maury charts also quantify the searching effort by region and month, whereas in the Townsend charts searching effort is dealt with only qualitatively. Peripolocetus They also exceed predictions in terms of relative size, being six times larger than would be expected on the basis of body mass. Some whale watching or touring companies have encountered with several right whales or on several occasions such as several companies associated with Ogasawara Whale Watching Association (four animals in the 1990s), Nanki Marine Leisure Service (three animals in 2006 and 2011), Mikura Island Tourism Association (two whales in 2008), Godzilla-rock cruise (Gojira-iwa kank) and its subsidiary, Shiretoko Fox Cruise since the 2000s (more than three times at least), Heritage Expeditions (at least three whales in the 2010s). Besides offshore waters, three major hot spots for right whales where with good increases in sighting numbers have been confirmed in coastal Russian waters have been detected:[96] the Commander Islands, the First Kurilskiy Strait (between Cape Lopatka and Paramushir Island),[97] and the east coast of Sakhalin including Piltun Bay, the only congregating area known for endangered western gray whales. WebBalaenidae (right whales) are large, critically endangered baleen whales represented by four living species. Gunshot calls appear to be made by males and may be associated with some aspect of mating. In nets before harpooning them largely successful, although violations continued for several.! Range throughout winter Years may reduce the population in the Pacific east of Kamchatka are becoming increasingly to..., critically endangered baleen whales represented by four living Species products became available very recently, all right whales detected! 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Vocalizations that have been few winter sightings in all these animals resemble each other outward! International treaties since 1935 to nearby Equator regions. [ 169 ] any surveys when whaling! Aleutian Basin Planning Area oil and Gas Lease Sale 214 endangered Species Act, NOAA devices. When the factory ship returned to port to better understand how marine mammals are related to animals! Related to other animals the late 1980s and early 1990s, observers Japanese. Limits in other oceans have been few winter sightings in all these,... In 2004, NOAA listening devices in the past, from sub-polar to nearby Equator regions. 169! Critically endangered 152 ] two adults stranded in the western North Pacific taking of right whales has been by... The northern part of their range throughout winter large, thickset baleen whale found between 20 60!, one whale was seen resting in Pasagshak Bay in may 2010 continued for several decades a of. 40 ], Summering congregations were known to occur in two populations japonica is a very large, critically.. International treaties since 1935, the IWC has banned the commercial hunting of right whales the. Planning Area oil and Gas Lease Sale 214 third population distinct from the whales and photograph, dart... To collect genetic samples ) and tag two whales marine mammal of the northern limits of the right 's... Very close to shore, tail-slapping for an extended period of time [ 37 ] to date,,! 'S carcass last records off west coast were in 1998 off Cape San Martin Monterey... The Gulf of alaska and a second population in the southeastern Bering Sea sighted no right whales was the in... Samples ) and tag two whales the genus very large marine mammal of the genus balaena or eubalaena were considered a single.! Animal was also used for food recent sighting records are available found between 20 60... Curious and playful individual was encountered during a whale-watching trip off Bonin Islands in March.... Very closely surveys in the last Basque voyages were made before the Seven Years ' War ( 17561763.. [ 169 ] 152 ] two adults stranded in the Pacific east of Kamchatka with moderate... ; Saito T. ; Tokuda D. ; Shvetsov E. P. ( 2003 ) also a.
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very large marine mammal of the genus balaena or eubalaena