It has been evolving and adapting for 30 million years. The structure of the hyoid apparatus differs between E. robustus and other mysticete species, although there are similarities among individual elements. At the epiphyses, the bone formed jagged junctions with the two cartilaginous tips (Fig. Comparisons with published descriptions of taste buds in terrestrial mammals indicated that the structures were likely taste buds (Sisson and Grossman, 1938; Evans, 1993; Finger, 2005) or taste pores (Fain, 2003). We were not able to determine whether or not the mylohyoid was divided in Eschrichtius.
The straight length of the basihyal (laterally, right to left) was 7.8 cm. The superficial muscles were removed at their attachments to reveal the deep layer of tongue muscles. The genioglossus was visible immediately rostral to the basihyal without any direct muscle attachment to the hyoid apparatus. The total length of the tongue, as measured from the tip (apex) of the tongue to the caudal end of the stylohyoid, was 80.5 cm (Fig. (1991) hypothesized that the muscular tongue (specifically the styloglossus, genioglossus, and hyoglossus) in the walrus were responsible for forceful retraction of the tongue creating a strong negative pressure in the buccal cavity. In addition to being the sole extant member of the family Eschrichtiidae, E. robustus is the only extant mysticete known to use suction feeding (Johnston et al., 2010; Johnston and Berta, 2011). 5D). The epithelium was thickened dorsally compared to caudal cross sections. In other marine mammals, however, the geniohyoid is better known. In addition to portions of the oropharynx and nasopharynx, the hyoid apparatus remained attached when the tongue was severed from the skull. The hyoglossus in the gray whale has a similar position and fiber direction as other mysticetes, including the minke whale (Carte and MacAlister, 1868) and sei whale (Schulte, 1916). The nasopharynx was much wider than the oropharynx. External anatomical measurements were made on the tongue prior to the dissection (Table 1). At the 10‐cm cross‐section (Fig. Working off-campus? The folds were oriented oblique to the transverse plane so that the rostral ends of the folds were 5.8 cm apart, and the caudal ends were 12.7 cm apart. The midline center of ossification was dark red and purple, forming a band that was 2 cm wide. One possibility is that the cleft is related to nursing in juveniles and co‐opted for suction feeding in adults, given the presence of a bifurcated tongue in some pinnipeds that utilize suction feeding (e.g., Erignathus barbatus and Mirounga angustirostris; Kienle, personal observation). The ossified area had a maximum straight length (along the long axis) of 8.9 cm. The oropharynx was narrow for the length that was preserved, and the passage widened caudally toward the cut surface. Unfortunately, most of the sternohyoid was removed before we received the specimen, and future dissections of E. robustus should focus on preserving and describing this muscle to understand its potential role in suction feeding. The caudal borders of the thyrohyals were less curved. However, the taste buds degenerate in later stage odontocete individuals (Yamasaki et al., 1978; Shindo et al., 2008). 4A,B and 5A–C) and did not participate in the formation of the body of the tongue. Werth (2007) hypothesized that the contraction of the sternohyoid allows for the expansion of the hyoid apparatus necessary for suction feeding. As of now, it is unclear what role the lingual cleft would play in mature individuals. 4B,C). This condition was observed in the gray whale, odontocetes (Reidenberg and Laitman, 1994; Werth, 2007), and domestic mammals (Nickel et al., 1973; Evans, 1993). We hypothesize that the potential taste buds in the gray whale neonate are Type I buds, which are characterized as dark cells with dark particles above their nuclei and are generally the most abundant of taste bud cells (Evans, 1993; Finger, 2005). The fungiform papillae continued past the caudal border of the papillae and extended caudally more than 40 cm from the tip of the tongue. Contraction of this muscle likely pulls the basal hyoid unit (two thyrohyals and midline basihyal) dorsorostrally, which in turn may elevate the attached larynx. The complex structure formed by the interweaving intrinsic muscle fibers enables the tongue to flex in three dimensions (Sanders and Mu, 2013). 7E,F).
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