The Italian diplomacy decided to exploit the situation to obtain a favourable peace. The Socialist party had strong influence over the public opinion. Although many elements of the local Arab population collaborated with the Italians, counterattacks by Turkish soldiers with the help of some local troops (who declared a moslem jihad against the christian invasors) confined the Italian army to the coastal region since the beginning of the Italian invasion. He had, however, about 200 gun-armed German tanks and also 240 Italian tanks (of an obsolete model). The British on June 14 began a precipitate retreat from the Gazala line toward the Egyptian frontier. The first disembarment of troops happened on October 10, under the command of general Carlo Caneva, and soon Tripoli, Benghazi, Derna and Tobruk were occupied. As you may know, an OoB and TO&E is dynamic and changes over time. On November 2 there was a tentative of counterattack by the Ottoman forces in the small battle at Tobruk, but even here the city remained under Italian occupation. Tobruk, Derna and Homs were easily conquered, but the same was not for Benghazi. At this point, the respite that Rommel had to grant to his men gave Auchinleck time to bring up reinforcements. The Italian press began a massive lobbying campaign in favour of an invasion of Libya, at the end of March 1911. At this point Auchinleck relieved Ritchie of his command and in a realistic and soldierly way ordered a general British retreat back to the Alamein area.
During this period, the Italian government controlled only the coastal areas.
Suddenly then, on June 11, Rommel struck eastward, to catch most of the remaining British armour in the converging fire of two panzer divisions. The British tanks, however, persisted in making direct assaults in small groups against the Cauldron and were beaten off with very heavy losses; and Rommel, meanwhile, secured his rear and his line of supply by overwhelming several isolated British positions to the south.
By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Italian invasion of Egypt (Operazione E) was an offensive in the Second World War, against British, Commonwealth and Free French forces in the Kingdom of Egypt.The invasion by the Italian 10th Army (10ª Armata) ended border skirmishing on the frontier and began the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) proper. A later Turkish attack had the same outcome. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Invasion of Libya by Italy happened in 1911, when Italian troops invaded the turkish province of Libya, then part of the Ottoman Empire and started the Italo-Turkish War.[1].
"La Quarta sponda. It was fancily depicted as rich of minerals, full of water, and defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops. Forces and resources of the European combatants, 1939, The Baltic states and the Russo-Finnish War, 1939–40, The war in the west, September 1939–June 1940, The invasion of the Low Countries and France, Italy’s entry into the war and the French Armistice, The Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1940–41, Pearl Harbor and the Japanese expansion, to July 1942, Developments from autumn 1941 to spring 1942, Allied strategy and controversies, 1940–42, The Germans’ summer offensive in southern Russia, 1942, The Solomons, Papua, Madagascar, the Aleutians, and Burma, July 1942–May 1943, Montgomery’s Battle of el-Alamein and Rommel’s retreat, 1942–43, Stalingrad and the German retreat, summer 1942–February 1943, The invasion of northwest Africa, November–December 1942, The Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the North Sea, 1942–45, The Eastern Front, February–September 1943, The Southwest and South Pacific, June–October 1943, The Allied landings in Europe and the defeat of the Axis powers, Developments from autumn 1943 to summer 1944, Sicily and the fall of Mussolini, July–August 1943, The Allies’ invasion of Italy and the Italian volte-face, 1943, The western Allies and Stalin: Cairo and Tehrān, 1943, The Eastern Front, October 1943–April 1944, The war in the Pacific, October 1943–August 1944, The Burmese frontier and China, November 1943–summer 1944, Developments from summer 1944 to autumn 1945, The Allied invasions of western Europe, June–November 1944, Allied policy and strategy: Octagon (Quebec II) and Moscow, 1944, The Philippines and Borneo, from September 1944, The German offensive in the west, winter 1944–45, The Soviet advance to the Oder, January–February 1945, The end of the Japanese war, February–September 1945, The Canadian Encyclopedia - Second World War (WWII), National Geographic Society - World War II in Europe, Australian War Memorial - Second World War, 1939�45, Engineering and Technology History Wiki - Code-Breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II, 1939-1945, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Axis Alliance in World War II, World War II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), World War II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The claims of Italy over Libya dated back to verbal discussions after the Congress of Berlin (1878), in which France and Great Britain had agreed for the occupation of Tunisia and, respectively, Cyprus, both part of the then agonizing Ottoman Empire.
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