For the 2008-09 influenza season CDC recommends that persons who test positive for influenza A should receive only zanamivir if treatment is indicated. No serious adverse reactions have been identified in LAIV recipients, either children or adults.Few data are available concerning the safety of LAIV among persons at high risk for development of complications of influenza, such as immunosuppressed persons or those with chronic pulmonary or cardiac disease.
Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
There is no chronic carrier state.Influenza is primarily transmitted from person to person via large virus-laden droplets (particles more than 5 microns in diameter) that are generated when infected persons cough or sneeze. However, highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses contain polybasic HA cleavage sites, enabling cleavage by more widely expressed proteases, allowing these viruses to spread systemically. CDC twenty four seven. One dose of LAIV may be administered by the intranasal route to persons 9 through 49 years of age. During a 1982–1983 influenza outbreak in Genesee County, Michigan, unvaccinated nursing home residents were four times more likely to die than were vaccinated residents.LAIV has been tested in groups of both healthy children and healthy adults. Two types of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) have a role in virus penetration into cells.Influenza A causes moderate to severe illness and affects all age groups. LAIV is supplied in a prefilled single-use sprayer containing 0.2 mL of vaccine. By continuing you agree to the.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors.ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383026064,URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123744104006543,URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128009468000210,URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044453488000002X,URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123744104004301,URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383957210,URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739605006055,URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444534880000304,URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323552288000849,Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth Edition).From Updated unified nomenclature system for the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses, WHO (adapted and updated).http://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/h5n1_nomenclature/en/,Philip E. Pellett, ... Thomas C. Holland, in,International Encyclopedia of Public Health,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007),http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/A68ECEB4-8292-499B-B33F-FAEEDBAC7BBC/O/AntigenicDrift_HiRes.jpg,http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/30377A8B-747F-480A-832E-O2ABE091B3C/O/AntigenicShift_HiRes.jpg/,Klenk et al., 1975; Lazarowitz and Choppin, 1975,Stieneke-Grober et al., 1992; Horimoto et al., 1994,Palese et al., 1974a, b; Palese and Compans, 1976,Jim Wellehan, Galaxia Cortes-Hinojosa, in,Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9.
This virus, named A/Sydney/5/97, was different enough from A/Wuhan (which had been included in the 1997–1998 vaccine) that the vaccine did not provide much protection. Refer to the,Detection of an avian lineage influenza A(H7N2) virus in air and surface samples at a New York City feline quarantine facility.Influenza Other Respir Viruses.
Myalgias mainly affect the back muscles.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) conducted a thorough scientific review of this issue in 2003 and concluded that people who received the 1976 swine influenza vaccine had an increased risk for developing GBS. Secondary and tertiary waves may occur up to 2 years later, usually in the winter.In April 2009, a novel influenza A(H1N1) virus appeared and quickly spread across North America.
CDC twenty four seven. The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults.Saxen H, Virtanen M. Randomized, placebo-controlled double blind study on the efficacy of influenza immunization on absenteeism of healthcare workers.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Antiviral agents may also be considered for unimmunized hospital personnel. Both A/Wuhan and A/Sydney circulated late in the 1997–1998 influenza season. Saving Lives, Protecting People,Click here for hi-resolution image (6.51 MB),Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment,Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services,U.S. Although exposure to vaccines containing thimerosal can lead to induction of hypersensitivity, most patients do not develop reactions to thimerosal administered as a component of vaccines, even when patch or intradermal tests for thimerosal indicate hypersensitivity.
By November 2012 only 47.3 percent of pregnant women had received influenza vaccine for the 2012-2013 season. Immunosuppressed persons and pregnant women should receive inactivated influenza vaccine. Influenza is a highly infectious viral illness.
The key test is HI, which depends on the ability of the virus to agglutinate erythrocytes and inhibition of this process by specific antibody.
Influenza epidemic activity is signaled when the ratio of deaths due to P and I exceeds the threshold ratio for 2 consecutive weeks.Two types of influenza vaccine are available in the United States, inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Orthomyxoviridae are divided into three genera: A, B and C. Influenza A viruses are further subtyped based on the two major antigens: hemagglutinin (HA; H1–H16), responsible for host receptor binding/cell entry; and neuraminidase (NA; N1–N9), responsible for cleavage of the HA-receptor complex to release newly formed viruses. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
These persons should continue to receive inactivated influenza vaccine.Inactivated influenza vaccines should be maintained at refrigerator temperature between 35°F and 46°F (2°C and 8°C).LAIV is intended for intranasal administration only and should never be administered by injection.
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