The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging, and they have become iconic events of the war. Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of natural law, natural rights, consent of the governed, individualism, property rights, self-ownership, self-determination, liberalism, republicanism, and defense against corruption. [148] Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King, such as Flora MacDonald, a Scottish settler in the backcountry. The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed. Most indigenous people did not participate directly in the war, except for warriors and bands associated with four of the Iroquois tribes in New York and Pennsylvania which allied with the British. From these data his mathematical head will easily calculate the time and expense necessary to kill us all.".[48].
Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South, causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops.
The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties.
They participated by boycotting British goods, spying on the British, following armies as they marched, washing, cooking, and mending for soldiers, delivering secret messages, and even fighting disguised as men in a few cases, such as Deborah Samson. Virginia, South Carolina, and New Jersey created their constitutions before July 4. On August 23, 1775, George III declared Americans to be traitors to the Crown if they took up arms against royal authority. It was a British victory—but at a great cost: about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000, as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force. They provided indigenous people with funding and weapons to attack Continental Army outposts. The Patriots laid siege to Boston, expelled royal officials from all the colonies, and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses. He continued: There must be a positive Passion for the public good, the public Interest, Honour, Power, and Glory, established in the Minds of the People, or there can be no Republican Government, nor any real Liberty. Ellis concludes that, once the Howe brothers failed, the opportunity "would never come again" for a British victory. Pestana, Carla Gardina (2004). Under the leadership of Henry Grattan, the so-called "Patriots" forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies. He was succeeded in February, 1782 by Henry Seymour Conway. The blockade was lifted and all British interference had been driven out, and American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world. According to British historian Jeremy Black, the British had significant advantages, including a highly trained army, the world's largest navy, and an efficient system of public finance that could easily fund the war. [186] Britain created the colonies of Upper Canada (Ontario) and New Brunswick expressly for their benefit, and the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States.
Tens of thousands in the South used the turmoil of war to escape, and the southern plantation economies of South Carolina and Georgia were disrupted in particular. Most indigenous people rejected pleas that they remain neutral and instead supported the British Crown. The Americans struggled to pay off the loans; they ceased making interest payments to France in 1785 and defaulted on installments due in 1787. Brunsman, Denver, and David J Silverman, eds. [77] King George wanted to fight on, but his supporters lost control of Parliament and they launched no further offensives in America. The British also took New Jersey, pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania. The officers were drawn largely from the gentry and the aristocracy and obtained their commissions and promotions by purchase.
[76], Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain, where many sympathized with the Americans, but now it reached a new low. The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire, and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government, provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations with directly elected representative government. While no southern state abolished slavery, for a period individual owners could free their slaves by personal decision, often providing for manumission in wills but sometimes filing deeds or court papers to free individuals.
[212], Today, more than 100 battlefields and historic sites of the American Revolution are protected and maintained by the government. [91], Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war, which cost about 66 million dollars in specie (gold and silver). Benjamin Franklin, postmaster general for the colonies, acknowledged that he leaked the letters, which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job.
Joseph Brant of the powerful Mohawk tribe in New York was the most prominent indigenous leader against the Patriot forces. The French were victorious in the Battle of the Chesapeake, and the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements, leaving Cornwallis trapped. [109] Locke's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 was especially influential. The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain, not in the colonies.
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