This article deals not with the known but with the unknown, meaning the volunteers who subjected themselves to the ravages of yellow fever and the real possibility of death. For more about the National Museum of Health and Medicine, visit.The contributor hereby certifies that the contribution to be a work of the U.S. Government, which has been prepared by an officer or employee of the U.S. Government as part of his or her official duties, and therefore, precluded from copyright protection under 17 USC §105. Conversely, history has not been as kind to Giuseppe Sanarelli, who erroneously claimed to have found the causative agent of yellow fever and reported inoculating five human subjects to prove his findings.The responsibility for Clara Maass' death cannot be directly attributed to Reed, since the human experiments at Las Animas Hospital were not supervised by the U.S. Army Fourth Yellow Fever Board. Proteins leaked into the urine, the liver and kidneys shut down, violent hiccups began, delirium set in, then coma, and finally death. Here is one of the first informed consent documents. Surgeon-General Sternberg initially declined nursing services by individuals and groups of women volunteers.Clara Louise Maass. What happens when the subjects of experiments are objectified in the way that Kligman objectified the prisoners? The Ethics of Experimentation on Human Subjects,Declaration of Helsinki. The Yellow Fever Commission was a research team of the United States Army which researched treatment for yellow fever. Do payments corrupt or compromise "volunteerism? The Gripping Story of Nurse Clara Maass,More than petticoats. Instead, the inoculation experiments were implemented by Gorgas and Guiteras as members of the Sanitary Department of Havana.The validity of informed consent depends on how fully the patient has been informed and understands all of the risks involved.The Cuban government recognized Clara Maass' contribution and placed a bronze plaque in the yellow fever ward where she died at Las Animas Hospital in Havana. The deaths of Clara Maass and two Spanish immigrants resulted in a public outcry and the immediate cessation of yellow fever human experiments in Cuba.Sir William Osler, Bacilli and Bullets, 1914.More soldiers died during the Spanish–American War from infections than from battle wounds.Concerned about the high morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, GEN George S. Sternberg, U.S. Army Surgeon General and a leading bacteriologist, formed the U.S. Army Fourth Yellow Fever Commission (Board) on May 23, 1900, “for the purpose of pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba and especially yellow fever.”.The board began inoculating human volunteers on August 11, 1900, using mosquitoes harvested from larvae provided by the Cuban physician Carlos Finlay, for the purpose of showing the mosquito as the vector of yellow fever among humans.Six additional cases of yellow fever were induced by mosquito bites among American soldiers (two cases) and Spanish immigrants (four cases) between December 5, 1900, and January 2, 1901, without any further fatalities.The crucial role that female nurses played in the care and recovery of American sick and wounded soldiers was not recognized by the U.S. Army until the Spanish–American War. ],The etiology of yellow fever: a supplemental note,[Reprinted in Mil Med 2001; 166(Suppl I): 62–6. Why might they decide not to? Enrique Chaves-Carballo, MD, Clara Maass, Yellow Fever and Human Experimentation.Clara Louise Maass, a 25-year-old American nurse, died of yellow fever on August 24, 1901, following experimental inoculation by infected mosquitoes in Havana, Cuba. How can they find out if the subjects really understand what they are volunteering to do?Is self experimentation a good or bad idea? The research process itself became a focus of study for later generations.A United States nurse named Clara Maass and two Spanish immigrants were among those who died as a result of their research participation.Researchers mark the research of the Yellow Fever Commission as the origin of the model of modern consent in medical research. What are the advantages of using those who are knowledgable about the studies? In what circumstances would an individual place the benefits of medical research to society above the benefits to herself or himself?Were the yellow fever experiments exacting too large a personal price from subjects?In the past, people with infectious diseases were quarantined. It is doubtful that the explanation given as justification for submitting volunteers to yellow fever inoculations would gain approval from any Institutional Review Board today. ],Contract between Antonio Benigno and Yellow Fever Board (English translation), November 26, 1900,Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Box 70, Folder 4, Document 1,[Reprinted in Mil Med 2001; 166(Suppl I): 38–9. Tropical diseases were a major concern of the government, and the American Surgeon General dispatched Major Walter Reed and a team of young doctors to investigate the diseases, particularly the pathogenic mechanism of yellow fever.
Walter Reed, of course, is the best known, but James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear are also known, if not nationally, to their local communities. (Courtesy National Library of Medicine).Clara Maass was born in East Orange, New Jersey, on June 28, 1876, the eldest of nine children to a family who came from Europe to form part of the German diaspora seeking religious freedom and better opportunities.The options available at the time for a young woman to satisfy her aspirations and help her family were limited. Here is one of the first informed consent documents.Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine,Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.Whit and I are going to see Janelle Monáe at The W...the world's most dramatic performance of "Losing M...earliest informed consent documents: Walter Reed's...Glee's Rocky Horror Picture Show Halloween episode,Li Ka Shing comments from dedication ceremony,On Becoming Friends With a Non-Disabled Person.Should You 'Pay Yourself Back' With Chase Points?7 Chicken Salad Recipes for Easy Weekday Meals.display my photography at an exhibit - DONE!meditation lesson at Green Gulch Zen Center - DONE!memorize "Maple Leaf Rag" as my go-to piano song,see leaves changing colors in New England.shoot a roll with my Holga camera - DONE.
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